What process involves the creation of two electrons, one negatively charged and one positively charged, from electromagnetic energy?

The process referred to in the question is pair production, which specifically describes the phenomenon where a high-energy photon, typically of electromagnetic energy, interacts with a strong electromagnetic field (often near a nucleus), resulting in the creation of a particle-antiparticle pair. In this case, the pair consists of two electrons: one with a negative charge and the other with a positive charge, known as a positron.

This process requires the energy of the incoming photon to be at least equal to the rest mass energy of the electron-positron pair, which is calculated using Einstein's equation E=mc². The threshold energy for pair production of an electron and positron is approximately 1.022 MeV, considering both particles must account for their respective rest mass energy.

The other options describe different interactions and are not related to the creation of the charged particle pair from electromagnetic energy. For example, internal conversion involves the transfer of energy from an excited nucleus to an electron, causing the electron to be ejected without the creation of new particles. The photoelectric effect describes the ejection of an electron from a material after absorbing a photon, also not resulting in a pair of charged particles. Isomeric transition involves the release of energy from a nucleus via gamma